Paleobotany of East Beringia (Alaska)

NileQueen · Paleobotany of East Beringia (Alaska)

"Tiny plant fossils indicate how this frozen region once sustained huge herds of mammals".

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6940/abs/423603a.html
Interesting that the paleosteppe of Beringia resembles subarctic steppe communities of today. It would seem the Arctic region has shifted since the LGM.

Baywax

Hello NQ!

Here's a supplimental article that may pertain to your topic here. This may show that the beginnings of the population of Pleistocene mammals in eastern Beringia may have only needed a less abundant source of flora on the 24,000 year old steppes because their population numbers could have started out small. As a herd grows, so does the amount of fertilizer it leaves behind and thus, more abundant grasslands for a more abundant herd.

NileQueen

Beeswax,

Thanks very much for that information. Zoogeography is very interesting.

I posted this in Mastodon Genome sequenced thread but it is relevant here...talking about refugia, probably due to periods of flooding in Siberia...

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070607171134.htm

Ancient DNA Traces Woolly Mammoth's Disappearance
Science Daily — Some ancient-DNA evidence has offered new clues to a very cold case: the disappearance of the last woolly mammoths, one of the most iconic of all Ice Age giants, according to a recent article. DNA lifted from the bones, teeth, and tusks of the extinct mammoths revealed a "genetic signature" of a range expansion after the last interglacial period. After the mammoths' migration, the population apparently leveled off, and one of two lineages died out.

"In combination with the results on other species, a picture is emerging of extinction not as a sudden event at the end of the last ice age, but as a piecemeal process over tens of thousands of years involving progressive loss of genetic diversity," said Dr. Ian Barnes, of Royal Holloway, University of London. "For the mammoth, this seems much more likely to have been driven by environmental rather than human causes, even if humans might have been responsible for killing off the small, terminal populations that were left."

Barnes, along with Dr. Adrian Lister of the University College London and the Natural History Museum in London and others, had earlier found evidence that bison, bears, and lions underwent major population shifts twenty-five to fifty thousand years ago. Those results came as a surprise, the researchers said, because scientists tended to think that the major environmental changes happened about fifteen to twenty-five thousand years ago, when the glaciers reached their fullest extent. The findings also offered early human hunters a potential alibi; they didn't come on the scene in large numbers until even later.

In search of a general pattern in the new study, Barnes and Lister's team looked to the extinct woolly mammoth. What they found, however, was an "interesting pattern, not like those of the other species."

Their genetic data indicate that Siberian mammoths expanded from a small base some time before sixty thousand years ago. Moreover, they found two distinct genetic groups, implying that mammoths had diverged in isolation for some time before merging back into a single population. The DNA further suggests that no later than forty thousand years ago, one of the groups died out, leaving only the second alive at the time of the mammoth's last gasp.

"At a time when we should be very concerned about the potential extinction of many existing large mammals, studying those that occurred in the geologically recent past can provide many insights," Lister said. "Our work, together with that of others, shows that the conditions for extinction can be set up long before the actual extinction event."

The researchers include Ian Barnes of Royal Holloway, University of London in Surrey, UK; Beth Shapiro of University of Oxford in Oxford, UK; Mark G. Thomas of University College London in London, UK; Adrian Lister of the Natural History Museum and University College London in London, UK;Tatiana Kuznetsova of Moscow State University in Moscow, Russia; Andrei Sher of Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia; Dale Guthrie University of Alaska in Fairbanks, Alaska.

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (IB), the Royal Society (BS), and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (AS).

Reference: Barnes et al.: "Genetic Structure and Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius." Publishing in Current Biology 17, 1--4, June 19, 2007. DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.035.
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Andre

that's very interesting Joanne, thanks.

If we project the istope - precipitation idea on the Dansgaard Oeschger events then we are most likely seeing rapid shifts between arid and moist conditions in the timeframe around 40,000 years ago. Not good for the mammoth, highly specialized on arid steppe biotopes.

NileQueen

The largest loess deposits are found in W. China. I think these are paleodeserts. The loess in N. America is supposedly associated with
past glaciation.

Baywax

Hello NileQueen,

Here is a PDF doc that goes into some of the causes of loess deposits in North America... they talk about paleo winds and glacial run off as key causes....