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Exhibit #7, The start of the Younger Dryas.

 
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Andre



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PostPosted: Mon Aug 20, 2007 8:20 pm    Post subject: Exhibit #7, The start of the Younger Dryas. Reply with quote

So when did it start and what would that matter?
That's a vital question.

Wikipedia wasn't sure:

Quote:
.... a brief (approximately 1300 ± 70 years cold climate period following the Bölling/Allerød interstadial at the end of the Pleistocene between approximately 12,700 to 11,500 years Before Present and preceding the Preboreal of the early Holocene...

....The Younger Dryas saw a rapid return to glacial conditions in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere between 12,900 – 11,500 years before present (BP) in sharp contrast to the warming of the preceding interstadial deglaciation.


Let's check the major Greenland ice core isotopes (d18O) first, GRIP, NGRIP and GISP2:



Data are here.

Note NGRIP is a bit curious giving two values per 50 years (grey). So I averaged that (blue). Even more curious is that the timescale started at 2000AD, while the standard is 1950, which would have caused a mismatch. So I corrected for that.

Now, if we assume that the Younger Dryas started halfway the last spike down then NGRIP and GRIP agree nicely between 12,650 and 12,700 counted annual ice layers. GISP2 is definitely the outlier around 12,850 years ago. Which is right? or should we average out?

Remember those lake varves, check here:
http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb3/pg33/projects/eifelmaar/index.html

see


Original caption:
Quote:
Lake Meerfelder Maar: Correlation of varve thickness data from Lake Meerfelder Maar with δ18O records from the Greenland ice core GRIP (Johnson et al. 1995) and central European lacustrine sediments (Lake Ammersee, von Grafenstein et al ., 1999; Lake Gosciaz, Goslar et al. , 1995).


We see GRIP again, see that the other three, independently all agree with on a YD/AL boundary between 12650 and 12700 years ago? Looking at the blow up of the Meervelder maar varves one would estimate 12,660 years. So with three lakes and two ice cores agreeing, it appears that the layer counting of the outlier GISP2 may have been in error. The Younger Dryas started let's say 12675 +/-25 years ago, agree?

Why is that important?





See also:
Exhibit #1, The Younger Dryas and the Meerfelder maar
Exhibit #2, The Younger Dryas and Mediterranean region
Exhibit #3, The Younger Dryas and South greenland
Exhibit #4, The Younger Dryas and Glaciation
Exhibit #5, The Younger Dryas and the Mystery interval
Exhibit #6, The Younger Dryas and North America



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scpg02



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PostPosted: Mon Aug 20, 2007 8:42 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I feel lost. Basically what your saying is that what they have been using to denote temperature was really showing precipitation or lack there of.

This doesn’t surprise me. I have always believed that the science follows the politics rather than the other way around. I’ve seen it too many times when it comes to property/water rights, logging, grazing etc.
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Andre



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PostPosted: Mon Aug 20, 2007 8:56 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I can imagine that, but I'm sure that the mistake here, is essentially politics free. Isotope thermometry started long before the global warming hype. Dansgaard was the inventor. First publishing was 1964.

Richard Alley writes in his famous Two Mile Time Machine:

Quote:
The great isotopic geochemist Willi Dansgaard analyzed the yearly average isotopic composition of precipitation at a great number of sites around the world with known temperatures. In 1964, he published the results; if you gave him the average isotopic composition of precipitation where you live, he could tell you the average temperature where you live quite accurately. If he plotted the isotopic composition of precipitation against temperature, the points fell very close to a straight line.


Which BTW appears to be a bit exagarated if you look at this nice animated GNIP map:



See that both Norway and indonesia are mostly amber, yet the temperature regime is a tad different. However the firm believe in Dansgaards idea caused projections beyond the normal variation. The ice core spikes are way beyond normal. ten degrees within a decade? That's something to be very sceptical of. They should have thought that something wasn't right. Now we know why, cold and arid look the same. Hence a mistake is easily made. But it will take some time and a lot of anger before this will be accepted.
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Essan



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PostPosted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 1:09 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

The only way such a sudden drop in temp seems to have been explained, is by a sudden switch off of the NAD ...... but there are question marks over why this happened and even if it actually happened at all.

Couple of questions: would a switch off of the NAD cause a reduction in precipitation in the N Atlantic regions?

What other causes might there be for a 'sudden' reduction in precipitation?
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Andre



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PostPosted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 3:08 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Essan wrote:
The only way such a sudden drop in temp seems to have been explained, is by a sudden switch off of the NAD ...... but there are question marks over why this happened and even if it actually happened at all.

Couple of questions: would a switch off of the NAD cause a reduction in precipitation in the N Atlantic regions?

What other causes might there be for a 'sudden' reduction in precipitation?


I think we should not start speculating to soon, Andy, although that's always attractive to do. Why are the spikes in ODP hole 893A (Kennett 2000) in the Santa Barbara bassin rather similar to the ice cores? Was the Pacific reacting all in the same way?



Moreover what if the NAD stopped, that would possibly have lead to lower sea surface temperatures (SST) in the north, which may have explained summer aridity. But it would have increased tropical SST's, increasing the generation of tropical storms, which eventually end up in the North Atlantic, still bringing the precipitation.

I guess it's more complex than that.
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Andre



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PostPosted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 9:31 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

let's go back to the start of the Younger Dryas, because it's essential if we talk 12,900 or 12,680 Cal years BP. Because there is that last Allerod spike in between:



They have invented an interesting extra terrestrial event for the cause of the Younger Dryas here:

Firestone R, et al, New Insights into Younger Dryas Climatic Instability, Mass Extinction, the Clovis People, and Extraterrestrial Impacts

Quote:
The deglaciation that followed the last ice age period was abruptly and dramatically interrupted ~12,900 years ago by widespread cooling that marks the onset of the Younger Dryas Cool Episode, an apparent climatic anomaly in Quaternary deglaciation behavior.


You see, it you start there, you'd have to take that last Allerod hill first. As a sidestep if you read the rest of the abstract, I'm not too impressed with the research they did. American horses, Camels and Sloths were extinct long before the Younger Dryas interval. That happened around the onset of the mystery interval (!).
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Andre



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PostPosted: Wed Aug 29, 2007 2:22 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

pasting a part of the paper. This is essential. It shows that the wide spread glacial re-advances occured just before the Younger Dryas:

Dating the transition of the Allerod to the Younger Dryas

Quote:
The most predominant feature of the Younger Dryas is thought to be a sudden return to glacial conditions with massive readvances of ice sheet and glaciers. We also note that there is quite some variance in the start date of the Younger Dryas from 12,900 Cal years BP to 12,650 Cal years BP. The first boundary is likely the result of original carbon dated upper boundary 11,000 14C years BP, which converts to 12910 Years Cal BP. However there are several high resolution proxies available with counting techniques. Fig ** shows the chronology of the three main ice cores.

Insert Fig **
NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project members. 2004) GRIP (Johnsen et al 1997), GISP2 (Grootes and Stuiver. 1997.)

Note for NGRIP average values have been computed and the timescale is adjusted to the standard of 1950 being “present”. If we define the transition between intervals as halfway the transition of the data then the Younger Dryas then NGRIP and GRIP agree between 12,650 and 12,700 counted annual ice layers. GISP2 appears an outlier around 12,850 years ago. We compare this with chronology of the high resolution annual accumulation sediment layers (varve) counted of the Meerfelder maar sediment cores, (Bauer et al 2000, Lücke and Brauer 2004), central European lacustrine sediments (Lake Ammersee, von Grafenstein et al ., 1999; Lake Gosciaz, Goslar et al. , 1995). and see a high correlation between GRIP and NGRIP. We conclude that the beginning of the Younger Dryas is likely to be between 12,700 and 12,650 Cal years BP which would have been between 10,620 and 10,560 radiocarbon years ago. Hence when using the traditional 11,000 radiocarbon years boundary for the Younger Dryas then a considerable part of the last spike of the Allerod is also covered. We investigate if this may have contributed to the confusion about the real nature of the Younger Dryas.

Pienitz et al 2000, conducted Multi-proxy palaeolimnological analyses of a postglacial sedimentary sequence in the Yukon and find in interval I (c. 11 000–10 500 yr BP) that combined evidence from all stratigraphic markers suggests either deposition in a basin fed by glacial meltwaters from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet or deposition during a cool and dry climatic episode corresponding to the Younger Dryas. However the indicated timeframe agrees with the original but incorrect YD interval of 11,000 – 10,600 radiocarbon years and hence has the balance in the Bolling Allerod not the Younger Dryas.

Osborn G, et al (1995) find an advance of the Reschreiter Glacier in Ecuador is interpreted to have culminated in the period ca. 11 to 10.6 14C ka BP. assuming that lake-level variations were caused by glacier advances and retreats. This calibrates to 12.9 to 12.7 Ka cal BP coinciding with the last spike of the Allerød

Denton, and Hendy (1994) date the advance of the Franz Josef Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand at 11,050 C 14 years before present and assessed it to be Younger Dryas. However the modern calibration table’s yield a date of 12,940 Ca years BP dating this event in the Bølling Allerød instead.

...ca ten more refs...

Lohne et al 2007 conclude from sea level variation and tectonic evidence that the so-called YD ice-sheet advance in western Norway started during the Allerød, possibly more than 600 years before the Allerød/YD transition

Conclusion:
It appears that the period between 12,900 and 11,650 may have been cold and wet on a large scale on the northern hemisphere, causing glacial re-advances. The original dating of the Younger Dryas boundary (11,000 radio carbon years) seem to have caused those to be attributed to the Younger Dryas but high precision dating based on annual layer counting, suggests the last Allerod spike.

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Latecommer



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PostPosted: Wed Aug 29, 2007 6:47 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Andre
Could you please give us a quick opinion on what ice cores are good for and what they are not? I have been reading much about how they do not serve as a very good proxie for co2 levels. Do you agree with that POV?

Regards
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Andre



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PostPosted: Thu Aug 30, 2007 10:06 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Latecommer wrote:
Andre
Could you please give us a quick opinion on what ice cores are good for and what they are not? I have been reading much about how they do not serve as a very good proxie for co2 levels. Do you agree with that POV?

Regards


Good question. I can see the real value of the ice cores in the correlation with the oceanic sediments. There is an untold story to be discovered. I know that the current ideas about that are not correct either, when I do a bit of signal response analysis. Eventually we'll do a thread on that.

I think that for CO2 it's no good, Jawarowski has some good points on that.
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HighPlanesDrifter



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PostPosted: Wed Oct 24, 2007 4:39 pm    Post subject: YD discussion at RC Reply with quote

Andre,

I thought about you this morning when I read this post over @ RC. You might consider posting some of your theories about the YD (such as precipitation pattern change rather than temperature change) and questions (such as what papers make the claim for finding Dryas octopetala pollen from that period?) in this thread. The folks at RC would be much more qualified to address your thoughts than I am.

Cheers, hpd

PS. You have the option to link to this site through your name. Should you choose to, I imagine it would increase the traffic here in your YD section substantially.
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Andre



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PostPosted: Thu Oct 25, 2007 9:25 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Thanks HPD

My reply is #32

This is the rebuttal NQ and I prepared for the Firetone impact hypothesis:

Quote:
Some remarks on
"Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling"

by R. B. Firestone et al. 2007


Introduction

Firestone et al. 2007 link evidence of an unidentified extraterrestrial event (ETE) to the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling which may have contributed to the megafauna extinction. We do not contest the evidence or occurrence of this extraterrestrial event, but the proposed consequences meet a considerable challenge when confronted with other evidence. We intend to demonstrate that the timing for the onset of the Younger Dryas is at odds with the bulk of the evidence. Furthermore, comparison of isotope records of multiple proxies show the same characteristics for the termination of the Dansgaard Oeschger events as well as the Bølling-Allerød events, suggesting that no foreign cause is required to explain the termination of the latter. Finally, on a global scale, the extinction of the megafauna happened rather gradually between 18,000 and 4,000 years ago in North America, but many endemic species did not die out from the event.

The dating gap of the onset of the Younger Dryas exceeds the error margin

Based on two series of carbon dates which mark the end of the Clovis stratum, Firestone et al. establish the dating of the ETE at 12.9 +/- 0.1 ka Cal BP. This date is cross-checked with the onset of the Younger Dryas in the Greenland GISP-2 ice core marked by a sharp drop of water isotopes.

These carbon date series, averaging 10,890 14C years and 10,940 14C years BP, would calibrate to 12.87 and 12.88 ka Cal BP using the INTCAL04 calibration table (Reimer et al., 2004) while the article mentions 12.92 and 12.93 ka Cal BP, which is likely based on the previous INTCAL98 calibration table (Stuiver et al., 1998).

We compare the isotope records of the major Greenland ice cores for the period of the onset of the Younger Dryas marked by a sudden drop in d18O isotope values of about 4-5 mil.



Quote:
d18O records of the main Greenland ice cores during the onset of the Younger Dryas. Vertical lines show approximately the neutral average isotope value to denote the onset of the Younger Dryas. Datasets are obtained from NOAA (Grootes, P.M., and M. Stuiver. 1997, Johnson et al., 1997, NGRIP members 2004) Note that the “present” base for NGRIP is 2000AD, this was converted back to the standard “present” of 1950AD. Also double isotope values per date have been averaged for smoothing.


NGRIP and GRIP both suggest that the Bølling Allerød to Younger Dryas transition is between 12,700 and 12,650 calendar years BP. This conflicts with the GISPII chronology which suggests around 12,850 years ago for the beginning of the Younger Dryas. Although the difference is small, there is still the larger part of the last Allerød spike in between. Hence, the date of 12,900 years ago of Firestone et al., 2007 is off by a sufficient margin to miss that spike. Therefore, it would be advisable to crosscheck this boundary with other, independent, high resolution chronologies.

The most accurate dating may be found by counting lake varves and correlating these to several well-dated tephra layers (Zolitschka et al., 2000). The records of the Meerfelder maar (Lücke and Brauer, 2004), Lake Gosciaz, (Goslar et al., 1995), the Ammersee (von Grafenstein et al., 1995) closely follow the GRIP ice core chronology. Hence, high resolution records independently reproduce an onset of the isotope Younger Dryas at around 12,675 +/- 25 varve years BP, (see http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb3/pg33/p...aar/index.html ) which is more than two sigma outside the error range of the date of the ETE which seems too large to links these two events.


The nature of the onset of the Younger Dryas appears to be identical to the termination of Dansgaard Oeschger events.

The Bølling Allerød events and Dansgaard Oeschger events show up in multiple isotope proxies of the ice cores and ocean drilling project (ODP) cores. The most compelling comparison can be made using deuterium excess of the GISP ice core (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2005). Deuterium excess is a very sensitive proxy and the similarity between the Dansgaard Oeschger events and the Bølling Allerød is striking. Hence, the chance is remote that an ETE triggered other events that resulted in exactly the same deuterium excess fingerprint at the termination of the multiple Dansgaard Oeschger events. Instead, this matching fingerprint strongly suggests that all of these events share the same as-yet-unknown cause or causes for its onset and termination, found in irregular millennial scale cycle changes in moisture source. A good candidate may be changing flows of the Thermohaline Current.

The extent of megafaunal extinction exceed single location and single date

The global megafauna extinction during the Late Pleistocene appears to have accelerated significantly in Alaska around 15 ka Cal BP (Guthrie 2003) with the disappearance of horses, and may have terminated around 4,000 Cal BP with the definite extinction of the woolly mammoth on Wrangel Island (Vartanyan et al., 1995). Channel Islands (Agenbroad, 1998), and Pribilof islands (Crossen, 2005). Furthermore, the extinctions also deviated from species to species. Ground sloths (Steadman et al 2005) disappeared in the Americas asynchronously, spanning the Younger Dryas. Meanwhile, Straight-tusked elephants and woolly mammoths disappeared in Europe, clearly before the onset of the Younger Dryas (Stuart 2005). In contrast, American mastodons (Miller 1987, Polaco et al., 2001 ) and the Irish Elk (Stuart et al., 2004) survived on the Eurasian continent until well into the Holocene. Also, modern species like the American bison, elk and deer survived the ETE, which suggest that the impact on the species may have been limited, and given the extent of the extinction, its contribution to the mass extinction event may be overrated.

Conclusions.

It is clear that the evidence of Firestone et al., 2007 suggest unusual occurrences in the terminal phase of the Allerod event. It may very well explain the sudden disappearance of the Clovis but the assumed link with the Younger Dryas and the megafauna extinction may be too ambitious. The ETE precedes the actual onset of the isotope Younger Dryas considering the bulk of the high resolution evidence. Furthermore, the records of multiple proxies, especially the deuterium excess of the GRIP ice core strongly suggest identical causes for the onset and termination of all Dansgaard Oeschger events as well as the Bolling Allerod events. However, there is only one ETE. Finally, on a global scale, the extinction of the megafauna happened rather gradually before and after the ETE, while some local megafauna species appear to have survived it. Therefore linking the ETE to the Younger Dryas and the megafauna extinction appears to be unsupportable.


References

Agenbroad, L. 1998. Pygmy (Dwarf) Mammoths of the Channel Islands of California. Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD, Inc.

Crossen K.J. 2005 GSA Meeting Salt Lake City Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 37, No. 7, p. 463 (http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005AM/fin...ract_97313.htm )

Firestone R.B. et al 2007; PNAS 104/ no 41 pp 16016-16021

Goslar et al. 1995. Nature, 377: 414-417.

Grafenstein U von, et al, 1995 Science 284, 1654-1657.

Grootes, P.M., and M. Stuiver. 1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 102:26455-26470

Guthrie, R.D 2003 Nature 426, 169-171 (13 Nov)

Johnsen, S.J et al 1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 102:26397-26410.

Lücke, A. Brauer A., 2004. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 211, Issues 1- 2, 19 August.

Masson-Delmotte et al 2005. Science 1 July 2005: Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 118 - 121

Miller W.E. 1987 Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 168-183

North Greenland Ice Core Project members. 2004 Data Contribution Series # 2004-059. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.

Reimer P, et al 2004. Radiocarbon (Volume 46, nr 3).

Polaco et al 2001, proceedings first international congress of the World of Elephants 2001 Rome pp 237 - 242

Steadman DW et al 2005; PNAS August 16, vol. 102 no. 33 11763–11768

Stuart, A.J., 2005. Quaternary International, Volumes 126-128, 2005, Pages 171-177

Stuart A.J et al 2004 Nature 431, 684-689, 7 October

Stuiver M, et al 1998. Radiocarbon 40(3):1041–83.

Vartanyan, S.L., et al 1995. Radiocarbon 37: pp.1-6.

Zolitschka, B., et al 2000 Geology, 28/9, 783-786.


I asked Dick Mol and Bas van Geel to review it. Bas had some additions that I did not implemented yet.
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Andre



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PostPosted: Tue Feb 05, 2008 9:42 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

This graph shows the reason of the Younger Dryas controversy. On top two compilations of many paleo botanic studies dividing the Younger Dryas in two parts, a wet cold first part from about 11,000 14C years  BP to ~10500 14C years  BP. Carbon years (14C years  BP) on the upper scale. This is followed by a second warmer but drier part. On the lower scale the counted (calendar years) showing two isotope records with high correlation, the Greenland GRIP ice core and a varve counted core from the Ammersee in Southern Germany in the middle of the area of the inventarisation of  Isarin and Bohncke.

So if you let the Younger Dryas start at the red vertical line around 12900 calendar years ago, you capture the cold phase and you can argue that the YD was about a sudden return to cold glacial conditions. However the isotopes went the other way, up instead of down.



If you start at the isotope drop around 12650 calendar years ago, the alleged start of the cold phase of Younger Dryas at the vertical bold black line, you won't find any sudden temperature drop, not even a cold Younger Dryas. So this is what caused the controversy. Not calibrating all events on the same time scale and the abbaration of the GISP-2 ice core.
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PostPosted: Thu Feb 07, 2008 10:51 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Meanwhile there is a new chronology for the GRIP/NGRIP/Dye-3 ice cores in Greenland.

The publication: http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~www-glac/papers/pdfs/220.pdf

The data: http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~www-glac/da...CC05_NGRIP_GRIP_20y_27nov2006.txt

Now I converted the "b2k" base of their GICC05 timescale (2000AD) to the traditional 1950AD to stay compatible with the rest. Then we get this for the start of the Younger Dryas:



The graph shows 100 years smoothed data, for comparison the original GRIP data are visible showing that it's rather hard to plot an arbitrary mid point as starting point of the YD.

Anyway we now get values around 12,780 cal Year BP, over 100 years older than previously. Why?

Notice in the text of the data:

Quote:
In the Holocene, GRIP is dated year by year. Below 11700 b2k the NGRIP based time scale has been transferred to GRIP depths by linear interpolation between volcanic match points (markers shown on Fig. 10 in Rasmussen et al. (2006)


However fig 10 does not show any volcanic markers. Instead we find in table 4 their dating of the Vedde ash: 12,171  +/- 114 year b2K (or 12,121 Cal years BP). So they counted it and did not use it as a hard dating horizon. They did not even acknowledge a difference with the conventional dating of the Vedde ash (no reference), which is widely referred to as 10,310 14C years BP, calibrating to 12,085 Cal years BP. The accuracy of this dating is higher than average due to a temporary atmospheric increase of 14C, so they seemed to have over counted a bit here suggesting that a better value for the start of their YD might be 12,740 years

It must also be noted that the previously counted Vedde ash layer in GRIP was on 11,980 cal. yr BP some 95 years too early.

Furthermore the Saksunarvatn volcanic layer is dated at 10,347 b2K (10,297 cal BP) against the reference age of 10.180 Ka cal BP, hence also a bit high.

So we need to go over the varves again, triple check the tephra ages and see what most recent results are. Contacting some people.



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